Solution to: Coconut Chaos
Every sailor leaves 4/5(n-1) coconuts of a pile of n coconuts. This results in an awful formula for the complete process (because every time one coconut must be taken away to make the pile divisible by 5):
r = 1/5(4/5(4/5(4/5(4/5(4/5(p-1)-1)-1)-1)-1)-1), where p is the number of coconuts in the original pile, and r is the number of coconuts each sailor gets at the final division (which must be a whole number).
The trick is to make the number of coconuts in the pile divisible by 5, by adding 4 coconuts. This is possible because you can take away those 4 coconuts again after taking away one-fifth part of the pile: normally, 4/5(n-1) coconuts are left of a pile of n coconuts; now 4/5(n+4) = 4/5(n-1)+4 coconuts are left of a pile of n+4 coconuts. In the last step, 1/5(n+4) = 1/5(n-1)+1 coconuts are left of a pile of n+4 coconuts. In this way, the number of coconuts in the pile stays divisible by 5 during the entire process. So, we are now looking for a p for which the following holds:
r + 1= 1/5×4/5×4/5×4/5×4/5×4/5×(p+4) = (45/56)×(p+4), where r must be a whole number.
The smallest (p+4) for which the above holds, is 56. So, there were p = 56-4 = 15621 coconuts in the original pile.
Back to the puzzle